Atlantis
as Crete or Thera
The idea that Atlantis might be a memory of the fabulous palaces, courts
and temples of Minoan Crete was proposed originally in an anonymous
letter published by The Times newspaper in 1909 and found later to have
been written by an Irish student named K. T. Frost. It was subsequently
developed by a number of Mediterranean writers and historians (see reading
list) and is today the most academically accepted theory on the origins
of the Atlantis legend.
In the opinion of many, Plato constructed his Atlantis account from
rumours and stories which circulated the Hellenic world concerning the
former existence of the great sea-faring nation which had existed on
the island of Crete and in other parts of the Aegean. It has been suggested
that the Minoan culture was devastated in the aftermath which accompanied
the eruption of Thera and the subsequent tsunamis that would have followed
this cataclysmic event in c. 1628, 1450, or 1380 BC, depending on the
source consulted. Archaeological evidence shows that ports and cities
on Crete, as well as the Minoan town of Akrotiri on Thera itself, were
destroyed in the manner alluded to by Plato in his works the Timaeus
and Critias, written c. 350 BC.
As further evidence of this theory, it is proposed that the Minoans'
fixation with the cult of the bull reflects Plato's statements regarding
the bulls that in the Critias are said to have wandered freely in the
courts of Atlantis' Temple of Poseidon. Every fifth or sixth year, the
princes of the Atlantean islands would come together to swear allegiance
to the holy laws. At such times one of these bulls would be sacrificed
and its blood allowed to spill on an inscribed pillar made of orichalc,
`mountain copper', perhaps a form of bronze.
It is further considered that Plato's account of the naval war between
the Atlantean aggressor and the Athenian nation preserves the memory
of Crete's oppression of mainland Greece before the fall of the Minoan
culture.
All these are attractive ideas which might help explain certain aspects
of Plato's Atlantis account. Yet Plato states clearly that Atlantis
lay beyond the Pillars of Hercules - mythical rocks which stood at the
entrance to the Atlantic Ocean. Moreover, Plato says that Atlantis was
situated in front of an `opposite continent' reached via a series of
`other' islands by `voyagers' from his own world. He also places the
destruction of Atlantis at a date post 8570 BC in the Timaeus and c.
9421 BC in his later work the Critias.
Scholars, such as by Greek geologist A. A. Galanopoulos, get around
this dating problem by suggesting that the dates and measurements given
in the Timaeus and Critias are wrong. This is due to a mistranslation
of the assumed Egyptian texts shown by an old priest in the temple of
Sais in the Nile Delta to Solon, whom Plato asserts learnt of the story
of Atlantis following a visit to Egypt in c. 570 BC. In the process,
the famous Greek statesman somehow managed to confuse the hieroglyph
that denotes the number 100 with the character representing a figurative
value of 1000. If this were so, it would change the date implied for
the foundation of Athens from 9000 years before Solon's visit to just
900 years, giving a revised date of c. 1470 BC, close to the traditional
date of c. 1450 BC for the Thera eruption. Although this might seem
like a neat and logical solution to both the problem posed by the very
early time-frame suggested for the destruction of Atlantis and the unimaginable
dimensions of Atlantis' city and plain outlined in the Critias, this
argument is seriously flawed. Those Egyptologists who have taken time
to examine the problem assert that no such confusion can have occurred.
The hieroglyphs used to denote the numerical values of 100 and 1000
are visually quite different. Solon - or anyone else for that matter
- could not have made such a mistake. This is made clear in an important
essay on the links between Egypt and Atlantis by J. Gwyn Griffiths,
who points out:
If we assume a hieroglyphic form of the prototype, there seems to be
very scanty ground for the proposal, since the normal forms for 100
and 1000 are so sharply distinguished.
Furthermore, we know from Plato's final work, The Laws, which appeared
in c. 347 BC, that he really did intend to mean thousands, as opposed
to hundreds, of years, for here he states that Egyptian art goes back
11,000 years. Since Solon does not feature in The Laws, we can say that
this early time period was not determined from a misreading of Egyptian
numerals. These early dates almost certainly derive from Egyptian king-lists,
like the Royal Canon of Turin, which speak of divine and semi-divine
beings who ruled for many thousands of years before the appearance of
the first mortal pharaoh around 3100 BC. It was these mythical reigns
that defined the greater antiquity of the Egyptian civilisation, and
not those of the dynastic kings.
We also now know that although the Thera eruption devastated the Aegean
and caused tsunami waves which wrecked towns as far as the eastern Mediterranean,
it did not destroy the Minoan civilisation of Crete. This continued
on for several generations after the catastrophe and was superceded
by the later Mycenean peoples from mainland Greece.
For these reasons alone, Plato's Atlantic island could not have been
Crete, Thera or any other location in the Aegean. Nor could it have
been placed on the Turkish mainland in the time-frame of the Thera eruption
as has been proposed by at least two authors (James and Zangger) in
recent years.
Reading list
James, Peter, The Sunken Kingdom: The Atlantis Mystery Solved, 1995,
Pimlico, London, 1996
Luce, J.V., The End of Atlantis: New Light on an Old Legend, 1969, Thames
and Hudson/Book Club Associates, 1973
Mavor, James W., Voyage to Atlantis, Souvenir Press, London, 1969
Galanopoulos, A. G., & E. Bacon, Atlantis: The truth behind the
legend, Nelson, London, 1969
Zangger, Eberhard, The Flood from Heaven: Deciphering the Atlantis Legend,
Sidgwick & Jackson/Book Club Associates, London, 1992